Improvements§

In this session we’ll work through ways of improving the task we made earlier.

Improvements§

Previously we mentioned a few problems that we will work on in this session:

• we should time our stimulus presentations by number of frames, for brief stimuli, not by a clock
• a very fast response gets ignored because we only start looking at the keyboard after the probe has gone
• we don’t have any practice trials (to learn that the cue is ‘informative’)

Presenting stimuli by frames§

Previously we used the:

probe.draw()
win.flip()

This is fine, but as soon as you flip the window again, the stimulus will disappear. setAutoDraw() allows you to continue drawing on every frame.

Presenting stimuli by frames§

We could draw something on a set number of frames using a ‘for’ loop:

for frameN in range(5):
    probe.setAutoDraw(True)
    win.flip()
probe.setAutoDraw(False)

This should look pretty similar when we run it. Exercise: Reset our stimulus timings by adapting our ‘info’ dictionary.

Presenting stimuli by frames§

We could use several for loops OR we could use one large for loop with ‘if’ statements:

for frameN in range(totalFrames):
    if frameN<info['fixTime']:
        fixation.setAutoDraw(True)
    elif info['fixTime']<=frameN<info['fixTime']+info['cueTime']:
        fixation.setAutoDraw(False)
        cue.setAutoDraw(True)
    else:
        cue.setAutoDraw(False)
        probe.setAutoDraw(True)
    win.flip()
probe.setAutoDraw(False)
win.flip()

Getting an early keypress§

For more precise keypress measurements, we can use the Keyboard class rather than the event module.

Getting an early keypress§

hardware.keyboard.Keyboard.getKeys()

Uses python-psychtoolbox lib and has some advantages:

• polling is performed and timestamped asynchronously with the main thread (times relate to when the key was pressed, not when the call was made)
• it’s faster
• can detect the KeyUp events (enabling) keypress duration
• on Linux and Mac you can distinguish between different keyboard devices (see getKeyboards())

Getting an early keypress§

hardware.keyboard.Keyboard.getKeys():

#at the start of your script
from psychopy.hardware import keyboard
kb = keyboard.Keyboard()

Getting an early keypress§

We can reset this clock and get keypresses using:

kb.clock.reset()
keys = kb.getKeys(keyList = ['left','right','escape'])

If a response has not been made by the end of the trial time wait for a key press:

while not keys:
    keys =  kb.getKeys(keyList = ['left','right','escape'],
                    clear=True)
resp = keys[0].name
rt = keys[0].rt

This will function much like our old code… we need to position the first call to getKeys to make a response earlier.

Getting an early keypress§

If we get negative rts… this is because a response is logged before the clock is reset. We might need to clear the event buffer:

elif frameN==info['fixTime']+info['cueTime']:
    #reset clock and listen for keypress
    kb.clearEvents()
    kb.clock.reset()
    keys = kb.getKeys(keyList = ['left', 'right', 'escape'])

Practice trials§

We want a practice block, in which one trial for each condition is presented. For this, we can use our Experiment Handler:

    #Create two sets of trial handlers
    trials = data.TrialHandler(trialList=conditions, nReps=1, name='mainBlock')
pracTrials = data.TrialHandler(trialList=conditions, nReps=1, name='practiceBlock')
outerLoop = [pracTrials, trials]

Practice trials§

Then, put our trial loop inside a block loop (indent the whole block), create the trial list at the start of the block and add it to the experiment handler:

for trials in outerLoop:
    thisExp.addLoop(trials)
    for trial in trials:
        print(trials.name)#check this is the set of trials we were expecting

Now lets run that and look at the output…

Practice trials§

We can add a message to warn participants when they will start the next block:

Continue = visual.TextStim(win,
        units='norm', height = 0.1,
        pos=(0, 0), text='That was the end of the practice, are you ready to continue?\nPress the left arrow if the circle is on the left\n press the right arrow if it is on the right\nPress space to start',
        color='White')

Practice trials§

Solution present the text stimuli in the relevant places:

#Before your block loop
Instructions.draw()
win.flip()
event.waitKeys()

for trials in outerLoop:
thisExp.addLoop(trials)
if trials.name=='mainTrials'
        Continue.draw()
            win.flip()
            event.waitKeys()

Further improvements§

Exercises:

• Add trial-by-trial feedback on correctness and RT
• End the practice trials early if the participant scores 5 correct in a row

What else can we talk about…

Python syntax and objects (but you will have picked a lot of this up

already!) Plotting results